Lab experiment - microwave assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Lab experiment - microwave assignment - Essay Example The source of the signal that the system uses is termed as the Gunn Oscillator, which is at a signal of 10.5 GHz. the maximum output power that is recommended for the frequency ranges between 20 Mw to 10 Mw, and the recommended range may vary from time to time in different Gunn Oscillators. The output power may as well be varied by varying the voltage supplied that is received by the Gunn Oscillator via the unit cable attached to it (Campanella 2010). The devise consists of an adjuster, which helps to regulate the level of the power at the microwave point of input and in making of the measurements of the attenuator. This assignment makes use of the side-vane attenuator that uses the fiberglasses that are plastic in nature having resistive coatings in order to achieve the required attenuation. The fiberglasses are erected vertically with respect to the wave-guide and to the short walls in a parallel manner. The position of the blades on the wave-guide dictates the resulting attenuation of the whole system. Each attenuator is calibrated separately due to differences in the attenuation characteristics. Wave-guide support is a system component that acts as a stand and helps in the system stability. The system supports are in parts, one of the supports is the system base while the other is the plastic piece that is attached to the rod end. Wave-guides can be connected to the support by placing it gently onto the plastic piece of the system located on the rod top. The height of the system support is adjustable with the help of setscrews located on the base of the system. For the sake of this assignment, cross-guide couplers were used which consist of two- waveguides that are joined to one another at an angle of 90 degrees. Signals of the microwave that propagates from waveguide couples with microwave signals and finally dictates the coupled signal propagation. Two openings are recommended on the walls. These openings should be

Emily Grierson Essay Example for Free

Emily Grierson Essay The object of fascination in the story. An eccentric recluse, Emily is a mysterious figure who changes from a vibrant and hopeful young girl to a cloistered and secretive old woman. Devastated and alone after her father’s death, she is an object of pity for the townspeople. After a life of having potential suitors rejected by her father, she spends time after his death with a newcomer, Homer Barron, although the chances of his marrying her decrease as the years pass. Bloated and pallid in her later years, her hair turns steel gray. She ultimately poisons Homer and seals his corpse into an upstairs room. Colonel Sartoris A former mayor of Jefferson. Colonel Sartoris absolves Emily of any tax burden after the death of her father, which later causes consternation to succeeding generations of town leaders. Tobe Emilys servant. Tobe, his voice supposedly rusty from lack of use, is the only lifeline Emily has to the outside world and he cares for her and tends to her needs. After her death, he walks out the back door and never returns. Judge Stevens A mayor of Jefferson. Eighty years old, Judge Stevens attempts to delicately handle the complaints about the smell emanating from the Grierson property. To be respectful of Emily’s pride and former position in the community, he and the aldermen decide to sprinkle lime on the property in the middle of the night. Homer Barron A foreman from the North. Homer is a large man with a dark complexion, a booming voice, and light-colored eyes. A gruff and demanding boss, he wins many admirers in Jefferson because of his gregarious nature and good sense of humor. He develops an interest in Emily and takes her for Sunday drives in a yellow-wheeled buggy. Despite his attributes, the townspeople view him as a poor, if not scandalous, choice for a mate. He disappears in Emilys house and decomposes in an attic bedroom after she poisons him. PART 2 1. The metaphor used to describe Emily in the first paragraph was a fallen monument. 2. The house is given a personality in the second paragraph in this way, lifting its stubborn and coquettish decay . 3. Colonel Sartoris had the idea of and helped abate the taxes on the Grierson property. 4. Mailed her the tax papers. 5. Small, fat woman; short, spare skeleton, bloated and pallid; eyes like lumps of coal in dough of her face. 6. 32 years. 7. A bad smell; He explained that the smell was the result of a dead snake or rat that the servant had killed. 8. She told the ladies who called on her that he was not dead for three days. 9. Homer Barron , he runned a construction company. 10. Miss Emily Griersons neighbors in Jefferson were mystified with her sudden coupling with newcomer Homer Barron. They cant believe Emily would be interested in a common Yankee. 11. We learned that Miss Emily had been to the jewelers and ordered a mans toilet set in silver, with the letters H. B. on each piece. Two days later we learned that she had bought a complete outfit of mens clothing, including a nightshirt, and we said, They are married. We were really glad. We were glad because the two female cousins were even more Grierson than Miss Emily had ever been. 12. He was let into Emilys kitchen door at dusk one evening. 13. They spinkled lime because of a foul smell emanating from the house. 14. They find Homers corpse on the bed and they realize that the space next to him has been used, and they find one of Emilys gray hairs on the pillow. 15. Homer Baron was murdered and on the other pillow was some grey hair from Miss Emily.

America Paper :: essays research papers

You know the feeling. You can’t turn on the big game without one. You can’t listen to your stereo system without one. DVD? Nope! Where is the damn thing? I’m holding three, but they’re not the right one. The â€Å"remote† always seem to be just that†¦ remote.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Your typical American can have anywhere from four to six to eight remotes to control any number of electronic machines. Just looking at them and trying to comprehend their function is utterly overwhelming. The sizes differ just as much as the items they control. Line the remotes up on a coffee table and they almost look like a squadron of high-powered military aircraft on the deck of an aircraft carrier capable of who knows what with all those buttons. Funny thing is the remote is almost as important to our peaceful, domestic well being as those aircraft are to our peaceful, domestic national safety. And of all the impressive aircraft we have at our disposal here in America, I think the remote is most like the stealth fighter because we’re always fighting to find it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Take the television remote for instance. It is the king of importance and is always the hardest to find. You end up missing the first quarter of the big game because you’ve torn up the whole house looking for the now invisible remote. What happened to the stereo remote? Is it under the couch cushion or the couch itself? Is it even in the room? The other remotes don’t help because you need the specific one for the specific electronic machine. Funny thing is, despite all of their individual features, they all share one certain function: getting lost, or â€Å"going stealth† as I call it, and then the search is on for one of the many. Many Americans don’t even look at it as odd behavior to have what seems like an infinite number of remotes. Look at the many electronic machines that have remotes: TV’s, VCR’s, DVD players, CD players, stereo systems, garage doors, window blinds, car security systems, even some gas fireplaces come with remote control units! Some day every item we buy will be remote controlled in some way. For some this is a good thing, but I’m not so sure.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What are we doing? More importantly, what are the remotes doing to us? By using remotes we end up removing ourselves from contact with the things we own and enjoy.

Free Things They Carried Essays: Communists and Capitalists

Communists and Capitalists in The Things They Carried The Vietnam War was directly related to the Cold War, where the communists and the capitalists used balance-of-power politics to keep the other from dominating the world. Yet, there was a role reversal amongst the soldiers fighting for the capitalists and democracy. Many of the soldiers made deals amongst themselves, which were in essence communist, stating that should one become injured or severely wounded, their "buddy" would end the soldier's suffering by killing him. This is seen in "Enemies" and "Friends". "Enemies" and "Friends" tell the tale of two soldiers who initially do not get along, but through the course of the war, form a bond that holds even through death. In the opening sentence, O'Brien says, "Lee Strunk and Dave Jensen got into a fistfight."(62) In doing so, he shows the high tensions of the entire war. The friction and animosity are evident between the USSR and the USA and North Vietnam and South Vietnam, but to show the tension within the same army proves just how drastic...

Customer Service and Class Discussion

MAR1011 WK8 HOMWRK Class Discussion (30 points) This week's discussion focuses retail distribution strategies. You will have the opportunity to analyze traditional and non-traditional retail strategies. Please respond to the following prompt in the class discussion section of your online course: 1. How would you classify Wal-Mart in terms of position on the wheel of retailing versus that of an off-price retailer? Individual Work (35 points) The following assignment allows you to analyze the Mall of America.You will have the opportunity to develop strategies designed to assist the Mall of America in acquiring new customers. Please read the â€Å"Mall of America Shopping and a Whole Lot More† case study (pages 313-315). After reading the case, please answer the following questions: 1. Why has the Mall of America been such a marketing success so far? 2. What specific marketing actions would you propose that Mall of America managers take to ensure its continuing success in attract ing visitors (a) from the local metropolitan area and (b) from outside it? 3. Your assignment should be at least 1-2 pages in length.Quiz (40 points) This quiz will consist of questions taken from Chapters 12-13. The quiz will contain 20 multiple choice and/or True or False questions. This quiz covers the following material: †¢In Marketing: The Core read: oChapter 12, â€Å"Managing Marketing Channels and Supply Chains,† pages 271-294. oChapter 13, â€Å"Retailing and Wholesaling,† pages 295-316. MAR2305-14 Class Discussion (35 points) It is important to understand the sources of customer satisfaction in order to address the issue effectively. Lucas provides strategies to identify communication breakdowns.Please review Chapter 7 in Customer Service Skills for Success, and discuss all the following questions: †¢What is your definition of a dissatisfied customer? †¢What are the sources of customer dissatisfaction? †¢What can service providers do to pr event and deal with dissatisfied customers? Individual Work (40 points) Service breakdowns can occur unexpectedly and need to be handled promptly. Complete the â€Å"Handling Service Breakdown at AAA Landscaping† case study on page 248 of your textbook. Please answer questions 1-4. Each answer should be a minimum of one paragraph. The total minimum document length should be 300 words.

Free Essays on Lord Why Am I Black

Lord, Why Did You Make Me Black? Lord, Lord. Why did You make me Black? Why did You make someone the world wants to hold back? Black is the color of dirty clothes, the color of grimy hands and feet Black is the color of darkness, the color of tire-beaten streets. Why did You give me thick lips, a broad nose and kinky hair? Why did You make someone who receives the hatred stare? Black is the color of the bruised eye when someone gets hurt. Black is the color of darkness. Black is the color of dirt. How come my bonestructure's so thick, my hips and cheeks are high? How come my eyes are brown and not the color of daylight sky? Why do people think I'm useless? How come I feel so used? Why do some people want to hate me and not know the person within? Black is what people are "listed" when others want to keep them away. Black is the color of shadows cast. Black is the end of the day. Lord you know my own people mistreat me and I know this just ain't right. They don't like my hair. They say I'm too dark or too light. Lord don't You think it's time for you to make a change? Why don't You re-do creation and make everyone the same? GOD ANSWERED: Why did I make you Black? Why did I make you Black? Get off your knees and look around. Tell me, what do you see? I didn't make you in the image of darkness, I made you in likeness of ME! I made you the color of coal from which beautiful diamonds are formed. I made you the color of oil, the black gold that keeps people warm. I made you from the rich, dark earth that can grow the food you need. Your color's the same as the black stallion, a majestic animal is he. I didn't make you in the image of darkness. I made you in likeness of ME! All the colors of the heavenly rainbow can be found throughout every nation. But when all of those colors were blended, you became my greatest creation. Your hai... Free Essays on Lord Why Am I Black Free Essays on Lord Why Am I Black Lord, Why Did You Make Me Black? Lord, Lord. Why did You make me Black? Why did You make someone the world wants to hold back? Black is the color of dirty clothes, the color of grimy hands and feet Black is the color of darkness, the color of tire-beaten streets. Why did You give me thick lips, a broad nose and kinky hair? Why did You make someone who receives the hatred stare? Black is the color of the bruised eye when someone gets hurt. Black is the color of darkness. Black is the color of dirt. How come my bonestructure's so thick, my hips and cheeks are high? How come my eyes are brown and not the color of daylight sky? Why do people think I'm useless? How come I feel so used? Why do some people want to hate me and not know the person within? Black is what people are "listed" when others want to keep them away. Black is the color of shadows cast. Black is the end of the day. Lord you know my own people mistreat me and I know this just ain't right. They don't like my hair. They say I'm too dark or too light. Lord don't You think it's time for you to make a change? Why don't You re-do creation and make everyone the same? GOD ANSWERED: Why did I make you Black? Why did I make you Black? Get off your knees and look around. Tell me, what do you see? I didn't make you in the image of darkness, I made you in likeness of ME! I made you the color of coal from which beautiful diamonds are formed. I made you the color of oil, the black gold that keeps people warm. I made you from the rich, dark earth that can grow the food you need. Your color's the same as the black stallion, a majestic animal is he. I didn't make you in the image of darkness. I made you in likeness of ME! All the colors of the heavenly rainbow can be found throughout every nation. But when all of those colors were blended, you became my greatest creation. Your hai...

Robert Browning essays

Robert Browning essays Robert Browning, one of the most talented poets of the Victorian period, is famous especially for his dramatic monologues. Often these long poems deal with such issues as love, death, and faith. Much of his work is directly reflective of his life and of those issues that were of direct concern to him. One conflict seen throughout Browning's poetry is one of spirituality. His poetry forms a spiritual timeline; it reveals his spiritual influences and opinions. It formed his own Bible of beliefs which he possessed. Because Browning's views on spirituality changed, his poetry also gives insight on the internal conflicts within his life. The paper will explore Robert Browning's spiritual journey as is reflective in his poetry. Robert Browning was born in Camberwell, near London, England on May 7, 1812. He was raised by his father, also Robert Browning, and by his deeply religious mother, Sarah Anna Weideman-Browning. His often indulgent parents gave him the freedom to explore new literary and philosophical ideas of the time period, yet he was also instructed to believe the unexplained mysteries of the Christian faith(Miller, 1953). His mother, who had strong ties to the congregational church, took great time to instruct Robert in his religious studies. With this open atmosphere, however, Browning exhibited signs of disinterest in religion during his early childhood. The town preacher, in fact , found it necessary to publicly scold "for restlessness and inattention Master Robert Browning"(as cited in,Miller, 1953, p.9). Robert Browning's tendency toward skepticism was recorded early on. Robert Browning's first deviation from his faith was at the age of fifteen or sixteen. His primary influences were the Flower family and the writing of P.B Shelley. Browning often traveled to the Flower's house to discuss music, poetry, and aethism (Irvine &...

The Fundamentals of the Intertropical Convergence Zone

The Fundamentals of the Intertropical Convergence Zone Near the equator, from about 5 degrees north and 5 degrees south, the northeast trade winds and southeast trade winds converge in a low-pressure zone known as the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). Solar heating in the region forces air to rise through convection which results in the accumulation of large thunderstorms  and plethora of  precipitation, spreading rain around the Equator year-round; as a result of this, combined with its  central location on the globe, the ITCZ is a key component of the global air and water circulation system. The location of the ITCZ changes throughout the year, and how  far from the equator it gets is largely determined by the land or ocean temperatures underneath these currents of air and moisture- otter oceans yield less volatile change while varying lands cause varying degrees in the ITCZs location. The Intertropical Convergence Zone has been called the doldrums by sailors due to the lack of horizontal air movement (the air rises with convection), and its also known as the Equatorial Convergence Zone or Intertropical Front. The ITCZ Doesn't Have a Dry Season Weather stations in the equatorial region record precipitation up to 200 days each year, making the equatorial and ITC zones the wettest on the planet. Additionally, the equatorial region lacks a dry season and is constantly hot and humid, resulting in large thunderstorms formed from the convectional flow of air and moisture. The precipitation in the ITCZ over land has whats known as a  diurnal cycle  where clouds form in the late morning and early afternoon hours and by the hottest time of the day at 3 or 4 p.m., convectional  thunderstorms form and precipitation begins, but over the ocean, these clouds typically form overnight to produce early morning rainstorms. These storms are generally brief, but they make flying quite difficult, especially over land where clouds can accumulate at altitudes up to 55,000 feet. Most commercial airlines avoid the ITCZ while traveling across continents for this reason, and while the ITCZ over the ocean is usually calmer during the day and night and only active in the morning, many boats have been lost at sea from a sudden storm there. The Location Changes Throughout the Year While the ITCZ remains near the equator for most of the year, can vary in as much as 40 to 45 degrees of latitude north or south of the equator based on the pattern of land and ocean beneath it. The ITCZ over land ventures farther north or south than the ITCZ over the oceans, this is due to the variations in land and water temperatures. The zone mostly stays close to the Equator over water. It varies throughout the year over land. In Africa in July and August, for instance, the ITCZ is located just south of the Sahel desert at about 20 degrees north of the Equator, but the ITCZ over the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans is usually only 5 to 15 degrees North; meanwhile, over Asia, the ITCZ can go as far as 30 degrees North.

Managing Markering Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Managing Markering Communication - Essay Example Integrated Marketing Communications, or IMC, basically refers to the process of combining all the tools used in advertising so that they can function together. Promotion, one of the marketing mix’s 4 Ps, has its own combination of communication elements. All of these elements operate better if they are combined together than when they are used in isolation. Their functions are improved when integration incorporates more than the essential communication tools. There are other kinds of integration like vertical and horizontal integration. Horizontal Integration can happen across business functions as well as the marketing mix. For example, communications production, distribution, and finance should operate simultaneously when the telecom service providers seek to channel messages to their consumers. Different divisions like direct mail, sales, and advertising can operate concurrently via data integration. This calls for a marketing information structure which gathers and shares the pertinent information across different corporate divisions. Vertical Integration basically denotes that communications and marketing purposes have to be formed in such a way that they support the higher level commercial goals and objectives. Internal Integration, on the other hand, calls for all the staff to be kept informed and inspired about new advancements. In a telecom service provider, these could mean new corporate identities, new advertisements, new strategic partners or even new service standards.... Internal Integration, on the other hand, calls for all the staff to be kept informed and inspired about new advancements. In a telecom service provider, these could mean new corporate identities, new advertisements, new strategic partners or even new service standards (Schultz and Schultz, 2003). External integration calls for external allies like PR agencies and advertising to work collaboratively in order to avail an integrated and cohesive message. The main principles of integrated marketing communications comprise: Consistency: A major topic in integrated marketing is consistency. It basically speaks to delivering an identical message about a brand or service across all elements of the media. This is a function that can assist a telecom service provider to create a brand identity that is both effective as well as impressive. For example, a corporation with a high-quality brand has to ensure that its message to different media outlets maintain the same timbre of message that conve ys the promise of superb quality (Pelsmacker, Geuens and Bergh, 2004). If the business invests in an effective TV advertisement but cuts costs in its advertisements in print media, the clients will get a mixed message about the service. Distribution Considerations: Integrated marketing is also about the supply-chain outcomes of a service provider. This basically entails working with contractors that have good reputations that will raise the profile of the telecom service provider. It also means utilising information gathered during marketing to enhance services that meet customer expectations while also improving the general experience of the consumer. Interactive: Interactive marketing encourages and supports a two-way communication process with consumers. This

Socrates Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Socrates - Essay Example society must ensure the practice of religion should not endanger the lives of other individuals, including keeping peace and order among its inhabitant (Quinodoz 235). Likewise, Socrates adheres to Freud’s concept of man’s nature (Quinodoz 235). Man’s nature includes the primary desire to kill. Preventing the person from killing the enemy soldier during war will make the person very sad. The person is sad because a living enemy will have a chance to kill the person. With a dead enemy, the person has more chances for survival. However, society will not grant man the authority to kill anyone except for self defense reasons as law enforcers or soldiers. Sometimes, drivers want to kill another driver for bumping and damaging the car during busy traffic situations (Drassinower 156). Socrates’ inquiry method makes each inquisitive person understand why society is preventing man’s nature from being freely implemented. Further, Socrates adheres to the Freud’s concept of man’s nature primary desire to have sex. A person who has sex with another person, especially of the opposite gender, makes the person happy. Preventing such person from having sex will make the person unhappy. Socrates’ inquiry method makes each inquisitive person understand why society is preventing man’s normal desire to have sex (Quinodoz 235). Furthermore, Socrates will adhere to Freud’s espousing society institutes laws to prevent people from becoming happy. The states’ instituting laws that prevent the person from killing one’s enemies, the society is directly making the person unhappy. Society institutes laws in order to keep order in society. The laws institute a justice system. The law requires that all criminals shall be brought to justice. Consequently, justice courts will try the cases. Both accusers and the suspected criminals will present their evidences to the court jury and judge. The courts will decide whether the suspect is guilty of the crime of not. When

Minimum Wage Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Minimum Wage - Research Paper Example People from different jurisdictions have different opinions and reasons on whether to raise the minimum wage or not. In my opinion, the minimum wage should be raised because of a number of factors that will be discussed in this paper. Statistics reveal glaring differences and variations in minimum wage among various EU member states. For example, in Bulgaria, the minimum wage as of 1st July 2014 stood at 174 Euros. This was extremely low compared to Luxembourg which had a minimum wage of 1,921 during the same period. This glaring variation in minimum wage should be bridged so that workers from both places can have almost equal chances of generating reasonable income. One region should not have such a high minimum wage yet another region has an extremely low minimum wage when both countries are EU member states. Inflation and recession have been common occurrences in the economic front over the years. For example, the value of money in the 1970s cannot be compared to the value of money now. More literally, the value of 10 Euros in 1973 is not the same as the value of 10 Euros in 2014. For this reason, even the minimum wage cannot stay at the same flat rate that it has stayed over the past years. What 10 Euros could do for a worker in 1970 is not the same as what it can do to the same worker in 2014, for example. The minimum wage has to be increased to accommodate these changes in the value of money as a result of inflation and recession (Card, 1992). Today, the productivity of a typical worker is much higher than what it used to be many years back. This is mostly because of advancements in technology which have increased productivity, effectiveness, and efficiency. For this reason, the workers at the bottom deserve to benefit from these gains of increased productivity. Many people around the world are relying in minimum wage jobs to earn a living and make ends meet. For example, between 2010 and

Infectious Disease and Public Health (Microbiology) Essay

Infectious Disease and Public Health (Microbiology) - Essay Example Therefore, this exposes people, who are nearby to these bacteria, thereby increasing chances of being infected. Actually, TB bacteria are activated by the state of low immunity system in a person, who is infected. In United States, the government has made necessary strategic plans aimed at eliminating TB since 1989, which was a period that America experienced re-emergence of TB (CDC, 2005). In fact, the high prevalence of HIV contributed significantly to resurgence of TB, though there were other factors such as increased immigration of people from countries with high TB prevalence and availability of multidrug-resistant TB (CDC, 2005). On the other hand, the government has made necessary effort to improve infrastructure to facilitate control of TB in America. Therefore, this led to correction of the problem that had deteriorated, through crucial deployment of resources at a state and local levels in the country. In addition, CDC (2005) explains that effort made by American government to deal with the negative implications of TB led to a forty-four percent decrease of its prevalence during the period between 1993 and 2003. Government’s effort to deal with implications of TB is attributable to articulate national approach, which facilitated response to initial reappearance of TB (CDC, 2005). Furthermore, this effort can also be attributed to coordination of government officials in health care field at the local and state level. Nevertheless, the government has been ensuring that there are ample resources to deal with this problem; thus leading to spectacular decrease of TB cases among Americans. Nonetheless, government effort increased possibility of eliminating TB in 1999 and reaffirmation of objectives to expunge TB through America by Advisory Council for the Elimination of Tuberculosis (ACET) (CDC, 2005). According to a recent research by CDC (2012), there were 10,528 incidences of

Government and its Policies for Entrepreneurs Essay

Government and its Policies for Entrepreneurs - Essay Example The legislations made with respect to entrepreneurs and enterprises are complicated and cumbersome. Entrepreneurs find these legislations difficult to grasp without the help of proper legal help. They think that legislations should be made in a way that they are easy to understand and follow by everyone. Also some critics of government believe that its policies have hurt the economy and market structures. By holding on to the status quo government has stifled entrepreneurial activities. People believe that government needs to do more to help them succeed in their enterprising efforts. "The American economy is dying, but not from natural causes. It is being strangled to death in a coordinated pincer attack. America's ability to survive, produce and prosper is being systematically destroyed by socialistic taxes and regulations that make U.S. production of virtually everything increasingly uneconomical. Simultaneously, the same legislators and government officials who are impeding American producers are opening the floodgates to cheap foreign goods that are not burdened with the same debilitating taxes, regulations and mandates" (Jasper, 2003). Government should pass legislations to support a market economy in support of entrepreneurs in particular. ... Government Policies Government is currently making policies for different sets of groups. Different group have different needs and wants. There could be some policies that encompass all and sundry but at some level government has to look at the specific groups. Some groups make bigger investments in their enterprises while some start their business on a small scale. Some belong to a particular ethnic group with specific needs while some belong to another. Government can make policies on two different levels that general policies for all and specific policies for particular sectors or groups as one policy fits all can not work in case of entrepreneurs. Blanket Policies Government can pursue certain blanket policies applicable to all entrepreneurs. The government has already established special organizations like SBA that support small businesses. These organizations support start up firms regarding the whole procedure of conducting business. General legislations apply to all small businesses and industries. Following important blanket policies could be adopted by the government: Financing and Capital The most important blanket policies that US government could adopt would be regarding financing and capital availability. Whenever someone wants to start a new business the most difficult step becomes financing. Entrepreneur takes a lot of risk while trying to establish a new business venture. They put in all their efforts and hard work to make their business succeed. Some even leave their routine and comfortable jobs for their enterprising ventures. They can all do this only if a solid financing is provided to them. Government's rule becomes crucial here. Currently organizations like Small Business Administration (SBA) provide

Infectious Disease and Public Health (Microbiology) Essay

Infectious Disease and Public Health (Microbiology) - Essay Example Therefore, this exposes people, who are nearby to these bacteria, thereby increasing chances of being infected. Actually, TB bacteria are activated by the state of low immunity system in a person, who is infected. In United States, the government has made necessary strategic plans aimed at eliminating TB since 1989, which was a period that America experienced re-emergence of TB (CDC, 2005). In fact, the high prevalence of HIV contributed significantly to resurgence of TB, though there were other factors such as increased immigration of people from countries with high TB prevalence and availability of multidrug-resistant TB (CDC, 2005). On the other hand, the government has made necessary effort to improve infrastructure to facilitate control of TB in America. Therefore, this led to correction of the problem that had deteriorated, through crucial deployment of resources at a state and local levels in the country. In addition, CDC (2005) explains that effort made by American government to deal with the negative implications of TB led to a forty-four percent decrease of its prevalence during the period between 1993 and 2003. Government’s effort to deal with implications of TB is attributable to articulate national approach, which facilitated response to initial reappearance of TB (CDC, 2005). Furthermore, this effort can also be attributed to coordination of government officials in health care field at the local and state level. Nevertheless, the government has been ensuring that there are ample resources to deal with this problem; thus leading to spectacular decrease of TB cases among Americans. Nonetheless, government effort increased possibility of eliminating TB in 1999 and reaffirmation of objectives to expunge TB through America by Advisory Council for the Elimination of Tuberculosis (ACET) (CDC, 2005). According to a recent research by CDC (2012), there were 10,528 incidences of

Employee -Employer Relationship and Expectations Essay

Employee -Employer Relationship and Expectations - Essay Example Even in the modern world where technology and machines have made lives easier for many, the need of human capital still persists because the common sense, creativity, problem solving skills and decision making abilities cannot be substituted by the automatic mechanics or computers. Therefore an efficient and effective interaction between the employers and employees leads to the success of the business (Buren & Greenwood, 2008). The smooth operation and organisational consistency greatly relies on setting the standard operating procedures which ensures that the working environment is safe and the work is carried out in the most -efficient manner. The SOP’s can be re-evaluated and re-established with a proper feedback from the employees. If the management has an open door policy, this can be an advantage in the betterment of the business because of the positive input of employees due to the natural free thinking. The feedback is analysed by the employees and is utilised in the b est way possible that helps the business without compromising its quality, consistency and reliability. This also improves on the decision making of the management. But, the employee- employer relationship is very critical. The both of employees and employers are different from each other and if these are not somehow met, it results in a conflict. EMPLOYEE – EMPLOYER RELATIONSHIP AND EXPECTATIONS: The relationship between an employer and its employees is not just based merely on economic terms, but it is much more than that. It is an important relationship that is based on mutual dependency and has a great impact on the working and progress of an overall organisation. A set of values and norms that are applicable on all members of the organisation members persists and must be followed. This makes the culture of an organisation that gives it a uniqueness and identification (Zientara, 2009). The workplace in professional life, is like a second home to an individual, so his job is an extremely valued possession that has an effect on a lot of factors. The relationships that an individual maintains at the workplace are different from those that are his personal, and therefore must be very carefully sustained. The employer-employee relationship is the most complicated one and each has a level of expectations from one another. There always has been and will always be an assured push and pull between the employers and employees that cannot be evaded. But if they work together with a mutual consent, they can come up to each other’s level (Zhang, Tsui, Song, Li, & Jia, 2008). Experts say that this tug of war between employer and employee helps to build the synergy vital for focused approach towards the collective goals of the organisation (Evanschitzky, Groening, Mittal, & Wunderlich, 2011). The organisation is a collection of numerous units working together collectively to achieve one goal; the organisations goal. Along the way, the employee tries to achi eve his/her goals be it experience, thirst for knowledge, or the never ending need to financial security while using the employees goal as a driving force the employers try to align these goals with the strategy of the organisation. Experts also say that this is the best way to make a winning solution, using the zeal and creativity of the employee, help them achieve their goals but align them according to the goals of the organisation. Why is it so necessary to align all the expectations and the goals together? Why does an organisation needs this synergy? The

Chapter 1 indians the settlements of america Essay Example for Free

Chapter 1 indians the settlements of america Essay 1. Jamestown was the first colony that gets found. It was there where the first permanent settlement occurs. Jamestown was a poor location for colonization. The men dug wells to obtain water, but the water they found could not drink because it was contaminated. In addition, the ground was wet and had too many mosquitos. The mosquitoes were carriers of diseases and made the settlers sick. After a year, about half of the settlers had died of disease and starvation. The Native American Indians kept the English alive providing them with food. The English were so busy trying to discover gold that they didnt bother trying to grow food. That was when Captain John Smith became leader of the Jamestown colony. He saved the colony by creating a rule, which maintained that anyone who did not work would have no right to eat. This made the colonist planted food, and they were forced to build shelters and fences to protect against any attack. These American Indians or â€Å"Amerinds†, showed them great diversity of character and attainments due to the differences in climate, soil, food, building material, and the activities necessary to preserve life. They taught the settlers how to plant and grow corn, beans, squash, etc. and also helped them to establish good relations with neighboring Indian tribes. On the other hand what the English settlers offered to Native Americans Indians was different. In exchange for food, they offered them weapons, horses, cattle, sheep, vegetables and fruits, hatchets, swords, metal pots, skillets and knives, which would give them the technological advantage over their enemies. They brought not only tools for the conquest of the wilderness, but also the forms of government, the religion, the books, and the languages of the Old World. But besides the different technologies and different lifestyles that they offered to them, the English brought with them different types of diseases, such as smallpox, which was lethal to Amerinds, this produced a lethal epidemic that affected a large portion of the tribe. American Indians had a very different culture from the English people. Despite some successful interaction, questions of ownership and control of land and trust between peoples, caused conflicts arise. Virginia suffers very frequent periods of drought and by that time the colonists did not understand that the natives were ill prepared to feed them during the hard times. In the years after 1612, settlers cleared the land to prepare it for export farms dedicated tobacco, its crucial crop for economic purposes. When the tobacco exhausted farmland, the settlers continuously had to clear more areas to replace them. This small wooded land was that the Indians could use to hunt and supplement their food crops. The more settlers arrived, the more demanding land. The spread of tobacco cultivation altered life for everyone, because its cultivation required abundant land. The tribes tried to fight the invasion of the settlers. The main conflicts occurred with the indigenous slaughter of 1622 and another in 1644, both under the command of the younger brother of the late Chief Powhatan, Chief Opechancanough. Recognizing the danger, the war leader launched coordinated attacks along the James River on March 22, 1622. By the end of the day 347 colonist lay dead, and only a timely warning from two Christian converts saved Jamestown itself from destruction. Europeans had a very mixed picture of the native Indians. On one hand, they believed that the Indians could be soft and generous and also attentive and willing to trade. At first it was a very positive image and the settlers had hoped that they would be welcomed with open arms and friendly hands. They wanted to believe their way to the Garden of Eden. 2. After reading the three sources that tell the story of the Indians and the Settlement of America, I found it more accurate the description number 3 A people and a Nation (2008) that gives us Mary Beth Norton, because I think is a very complete description about the events that occurred with the New World. She begins by describing how other civilizations of America were. She mentions how that residents, of what is now central Mexico began to cultivate food crops, especially corn, squash, beans, avocados, and peppers; while in the Andes Mountains of South America, people began to cultivate potatoes, and it was thanks to the improvement of these techniques of agriculture that could be spread this knowledge through America with the exception of those areas with harsher climates. Thanks to agriculture most of the Americans began to adopt a more sedentary life, without the need to spend so much time hunting and gathering. I believe that it is very appropriate that she mentions these details, since it is important to us as readers have an idea of how other civilizations in the Americas were, in this manner we can understand a little more about the civilization of the Native Americans Indians, because in some way they were very similar to each other. In the same way, in this source the author also makes mention of another significant civilization of America, the Aztecs; they were one of the most important and recognized civilizations of the American continent, they had a style a little different from other civilizations, they tended to be a little more wild, they use to forced their neighbors to pay tribute in textiles, gold, foodstuffs and even in human beings, who were sacrificed to the war god Huitzilopochtli. After the author made mention of these events, she continues her story mentioning the arrival of the English for the first time in 1607 to a region near to Chesapeake Bay called Tsenacomoco. It was a group of 104 men and boys, who established the palisaded settlement called Jamestown. This source tells us the beginning of a radical change to this Nation; the author mentions the number of people, the name of the region in which they arrived, and the date on which this happened; it seems to me that these data are necessary to know for any American person, I think it is important for all of us who live in this continent know this historical fact, and more specifically know what happened in this country. I am convinced that this source is more accurate, because it shows us these and more details, and is more precise describing how was the relationship between the colonists and the Native American Indians. It shows us what was the difference between these two different civilizations, and at the same time expresses us which were their similarities. Both groups held deep religious beliefs, subsisted primarily through agriculture, accepted social and political hierarchy, and observed well-defined gender roles. Despite the coexistence that came to have each other, both groups continued to have their own beliefs and thoughts, which for me in somehow led them to start a war, because the settlers wanted to impose their will on the Indians, and at the same time the Indians wanted to not let this happen, and also they were tired of being their food source and carriers of diseases that the settlers brought.

Legal Pluralism and Customary Law: Marriage Concepts

Legal Pluralism and Customary Law: Marriage Concepts What is legal pluralism?.Virtually every society is legally plural whether or not is has a colonial past including Cameroon. Legal pluralism has been existing in Cameroon for long with it numerous ethnic groups and diverse cultures. It is estimated that Cameroon has approximately 250 ethnic group and cultures with the Bangwa been one of the them, during colonization era, legal pluralism was intensified with the white mans culture and law also having a role to play whether or not is has a colonial past. Legal pluralism is a central theme in the reconceptualization of the law/society (S.A Merry, legal pluralism (review article),). It is also generally defined as a situation in which two or more legal systems coexist in the same social field. (Pospil,1981 Modern and Traditional Administration of Justice in New Guinea,; Griffiths 1986a What is Legal Pluralism?,. Moore S.F (1986a), Social Facts and Fabrications: Customary law on Kilimanjaro, 1880-1980). To Hookers, he define is from the social science version, he provide a masterful and comprehensive overview of legal pluralism in this sense, in surveying plural legal systems in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East (1975). He define legal pluralism as circumstances in the contemporary world which have resulted from the transfer of whole legal systems cultural boundaries (Hookers, M.B.(1975) legal pluralism: An Introduction to Colonial and Neo-colonial laws. Griffiths distinguishes between the social science view of legal pluralism as an empirical state of affairs in society (the coexistence within a social group of legal order that do not belong to a single system) and what he calls as juristic view of legal pluralism as a particular problem, of dual legal systems created when European countries established colonies that superimposed their legal systems. To Moore (1986b), he tries to describe the new legal pluralism in which he says, the new legal pluralism moves away from questions ab out the effect of law on society or even the effect of society on law towards conceptualizing a more complex and interactive relationship between official and unofficial form of ordering. This brings us to point Masaji Chiba, Three dichotomies of law. An analytical scheme of legal culture, Tokai law Review,1987, he define what is official and unofficial law? Official law was defined as the legal system sanctioned by the legitimate authority of the country, typical of which was state law directly sanctioned by the legitimate government of a state. And he also defined unofficial law as all type of law other than state law are classified as unofficial law insofar as they are not officially authorized by state law. On the other hand, customary law can be defined as a cultural construct with political implications, a set of ideas embedded in relationships that are historically shifting ( Moore, Social Facts and Fabrications: Customary Law on Kilimanjaro, 1880-1980). In Cameroon customary law is a source of law in the country it is legally recognized even though there are some customary law which are not in accordance to the repugnancy clause. The customary court ordinance cap 142 of 1948 applicable to Anglophone Cameroon defines customary law as the native law and custom prevailing in the area of the jurisdiction of the court so far as it is not repugnant to natural justice, equity and good conscience, nor incompatible either direct or by natural implication with the written law for the time being in force. What actually is marriage? In Christendom, marriage is typically regarded as an institute and ordained by God for the lifelong relationship between one man as husband and one woman as wife. It can also be defined as a legalized social relationship between one man and one woman with the exclusion of all others (Monogamy) on the other hand marriage can be defined as union between one man with two or more wives (Polygamy). There is another form of marriage today mostly in the western world, a union between one man and another man or between one woman and another woman (Homosexual marriage). And this marriage today is of contemporary debate if actually it should be acceptable? Customary marriage generally in Cameroon is another way of say it is polygamous marriage because the man can get married to as many women as he intern to with or without the consent of the wife. Marriage historically in Cameroon were arranged with varying degrees of veto power by the potential bride and groom, but individual chioce stressing companionship is becoming more common. Polygamy is a goal with many groups but it is not easily financially attainable. Some women prefer small-scale polygamy for the company and mutual aid a co-wife might provide. My main point of concern to this Bangwa customary marriage is how it is not inconformity with the Cameroonian State law, Repugnancy Clause and also Human Right of the girl child. But before I actually explain the Bangwa marriage I will give brief explanation of the Cameroon legal system. Cameroonian Legal System The Cameroonian legal system is a relic of the colonial era, it is unique in the sense that, it consist of two distinct and often conflicting legal system, the English Common law in Anglophone Cameroon and the French Civil law in Francophone Cameroon. Cameroon is referred to as a bi-jural country ( Prof. P.Y Ntamack University Yaoundà ©-Cameroon). Cameroons legal system can be explain from; pre-colonial, colonial and the post independence era. There exist diverse unwritten indigenous laws and usages which apply to the numerous ethnic groups and cultures in Cameroon. Cameroon has been ruled by the following countries; Germany 1884, Britain and France 1916), and each of them had it own system of rule. The main sources of Cameroon have been shape due the two legal systems. The main sources are: The Constitution: Cameroon has passed through three constitution, 1960, 1972 and 19960. The legislation: This is main the parliament. Judicial Precedent: It is treated differently by the Civil law and Common law. In the Frencophone courts,

Religion In Schools Today :: essays research papers

The American Religious Experience   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In America today we all have choices to make in regards to our religious beliefs. Many young children are brought up today confused about religion and the significance it plays in their lives. There are many sanctions and rules now on what can and can’t be thought or displayed to people on public property, but it wasn’t always like this. In this paper I will be discussing the American religious experience in regards to the impact religion has in the public schools.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  since 1776 the United States has grown from a nation of relatively few religious differences to one of countless religious groups. This expanding pluralism challenges the public schools to deal creatively and sensitively with students professing many religions and none. The following questions and answers concern religious holidays and public education, a subject often marked by confusion and conflict. Teachers and school officials, as well as parents and students, should approach this discussion as an opportunity to work cooperatively for the sake of good education rather than at cross purposes. School districts developing guidelines about religious holidays will want to base their policies in the shared commitment of respect for individual religious beliefs expressed in the constitutional guarantee of religious liberty. This means that public schools may neither promote nor inhibit religious belief or nonbelief. Drafters of such guidelines also will want to take account of the role of religion in history and culture. Awareness of legal issues is essential in considering religion and public education, but the law does not supply answers to every question. Within the current legal framework, schools-their boards, administrators, teachers, parents, and students-must make many practical decisions regarding religious holidays. This work can be done only by showing sensitivity to the needs of every student and willingness to steer a course between the avoidance of all references to religion on the one hand and the promotion of religion on the other. You are probably asking yourself what is the courts decision in all of this. The Supreme Court has ruled that public schools may not sponsor religious practices (Engel v. Vitale, 1962; Abington v. Schempp, 1963) but may teach about religion. While having made no definitive ruling on religious holidays in the schools, the Supreme Court let stand a lower federal court decision stating that recognition of holidays may be constitutional if the purpose is to provide secular instruction about religious traditions rather than to promote the particular religion involved (Florey v.

The Obstinate Toy Soldier in Mere Christianity Essay example -- C.S. L

In C.S. Lewis' book Mere Christianity, The Obstinate Toy Soldier is a chapter with good points. Lewis takes his reader step by step through this chapter. In paragraph one he talks about how humans are consumed with the here and now, so people do not really think about what would have happened if humans never fell. Paragraph two is about how natural life and spiritual life are not just separate, but opposing sides. Lewis says this because people are born one way and God wants them another way. If these two sides, natural and spiritual life, combined then the way people normally do things would be destroyed in the process. It is like the analogy about the people who were brought up dirty and are afraid to take a bath. Lewis states in paragraph three that if we were to try and make a toy soldier human, that the toy would not see it as helping it, but as trying to destroy it. In some ways people see God this way even though he is trying to save our souls. Paragraphs four and five shed so me light on who Jesus was. According to C.S. Lewis he was a real man of particular attributes and ever...

Rhetorical Analysis Paper: Budlight Advertisement Essay

Budweiser is one of the best-known brands of beer in America. Their ads and commercials have always been known for being humorous and entertaining. Millions of people look forward to seeing the Super Bowl half-time commercials mostly because of Budweiser’s notorious commercials. Budweiser takes advantage of its reputation and makes commercials that are witty and fun for people to watch. They incorporate humor and a certain kind of sex appeal into their ads to sell their beer to men and send the message that there is nothing more pleasing in life than drinking Budweiser. The rhetorical appeals are included in the BudLight ad to persuade the audience to drink BudLight. This BudLight advertisement uses pathos to appeal to men’s emotions and make them want to buy their product. It uses sex appeal to make the advertisement more engaging to men. There are very few beer advertisements that do not include women in them. Budweiser uses a more mainstream and traditional sex appeal to sell their product to a certain type of client. The women in the picture are both Caucasian and the couple in the ad is a straight couple. In this ad, Budweiser is appealing to a certain type of American, a more traditional one. They make their product seem lavish and they appeal to a more high-class audience than other beer companies. Budweiser assumes that having these types of women in their advertisements helps their company sell more products. They are correct with their assumption because they have been very successful with their products thanks to all of their advertisements with beautiful women in them. They try to encourage beer enthusiasts to buy their beer instead of any other beer. See more: analytical writing Budweiser is infamous for its clever marketing skills and entertaining ads. This ad displays several aspects that portray a luxurious lifestyle. There are two young women and a young man on a yacht near a private island. All of them have huge smiles on their faces to show the audience how happy they are with their lives. This ad shows how these young people are enjoying their time on this luxurious trip mostly because they are drinking BudLight. The BudLight bottles are in the front, center of the ad to make sure that the audience can see the brand clearly so that they can remember the logo. Behind the beer bottles, there is a young man enjoying his time on a beautiful island with two attractive women and of course, BudLight. This ad makes the audience believe that this lavish lifestyle is possible as long as they have a BudLight with them. This picture gets imprinted into people’s minds and they are reminded of this ad every time they see a bottle of BudLight. The advertisement’s name is Port Paradise III. This title shows that this is just one of many places where one can go and enjoy a BudLight in the company of beautiful women. If this is Port Paradise Three, then this means that there has to be a One and Two as well. With this title, the audience realizes that the fun never ends as long as they drink BudLight. It is incredible how advertisements can lure an audience into trying out their products. Certain advertisements and commercials may seem simple, but at the same time, those are the ones that people remember and talk about. When people think about beer advertisements, they usually remember the ones like this one because it demonstrates things that people want. This advertisement shows how BudLight is interconnected with Paradise and makes people remember the picture. The luxurious aspect of this ad and the sex appeal used catches the viewers’ attention and makes them remember the product. The next time one of these men goes to the market to buy beer, they will glance through all of the different brands and they will see a familiar brand, BudLight. They will remember the logo that they saw in the ad and associate it with luxury because of the private island and yachts that were in the advertisement. This masterful marketing is what makes Budweiser so successful.

Person Who Changed My Life

We all have people who have changed our lives. People can change your life in a positive or negative way. My grandmother Esther changed my life in a positive way. My grandmother basically raised me. She changed my life and I am glad she did. My grandmother was a very hardworking woman. She valued education even though she never received an education during her childhood. It really touched me the way she would try to help me and give me advice. This made me work extremely hard in school. My grandmother taught me how important it is to tolerate people and certain situations. She told me showing people respect will get you a long way in life, as well as seeking help in hard times and facing problems instead of running away from them. Because of this, I try to see the good in people and over look the bad. When I have a problem I think of ways to solve it. When I cannot find a solution I ask for help before things get worse. She was very humble and kind. She did not let people take her kindness for weakness. She did not mind helping people. When you are wrong you have to swallow your pride and say your sorry. That is one thing she always did and taught me. The word love is used to often these for small things that do not matter. Few people understand what love really is. It is not trait we are born with like the color of our eyes. We have to learn to love ourselves and others. If you love some one you show it through actions and help them change if they need to.

Are reason and emotion equally necessary in justifying moral decisions Essay - 2

Are reason and emotion equally necessary in justifying moral decisions - Essay Example It is interesting to study the processes through which a person goes through while arriving at a final decision, specifically, moral ones that test his or her character and loyalty. Often we see that the decisions that we take are decided by many factors. We are often trained to take decisions that are unbiased, but at some point of time in our lives, we come upon a dilemma wherein we start to question established rules and seek answers to why we must not heed to put emotional values while taking decisions. We tend to ask whether logic is all that we need to face the realities of life. We tend to consider why emotions are not given due importance in the decision making processes that can severely affect out lives in the future. The tension that arises out of conflict between heeding our inner voice and heeding to logic can create many problems in life. Essentially emotion is automatic and reflexive while logic is learned and acquired. While emotions are different from person to perso n, logic is more or less standard in its approach. In a way, it may be said that emotions are the real nature of a person, while logic conditions one to conform to the rules of the society. Decision making is dependent on the importance of the situation. While deciding on important things, such as opting between the elevator or the stairs, or making a decision on skipping breakfast, a person does not need to spend much time on the decision-making process. Sometimes, a person is not even aware that a decision has been made as he or she carries on with the chores of the day. However, when it comes to moral decisions that can have important ramifications in life, a person may have to stretch his or her mental faculties beyond the mundane and summon reason and emotion to come up with the right decision. Hence, it may be seen that there are certain situations in life where emotions and logic

Anthropology. DNA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Anthropology. DNA - Essay Example A chromosome is thus a structure that has DNA molecule that consists of many genes. According to Mendel, offspring receive their genes from the parents. Half of the genes are inherited from one parent and the other half from the other parents. Both parents are thus responsible for the traits displayed by the offspring. In mitosis, the daughter cells are identical to the parent cells without any differentiation (Ridley, 25). In meiosis however, due to the crossing over during the metaphase, mutation occurs. It can thus be concluded that the traits that are inherited form both parents and genetic mutation that may take place during crossing over in meiosis are accountable for the characteristics found in offspring. Question 2 Hardy-Weinberg principle is based on the fact that genetic variation is constant through generation in absence of other evolutionary forces. For these variations to remain constant there are some limiting factors that should be in place. One of the factors is the existence of random mating. According to him, populations have specific genes frequencies. If random mating does not take place then the proportions that Hardy proposes cannot be achieved. An example of non-random mating could be through inbreeding where homozygozity of genes in the population is achieved. Selection is another factor which leads to rapid changes in allele frequencies where the desirable characteristics are favored. This can be changed through artificial breeding where all the traits are maintained. Mutation has minimal effects on allele order. However, it can cause remarkable changes in the population if it is recurrent. Migration also affects allele’s frequencies (Ridley, 84). With migration homogeneity of genes within the population is increased since it causes random mating. Lack of migration would result in a certain population having almost homozygous traits. Genetic drift is another factor. This occurs in small sized population and this causes swift cha nges in gene frequency. This is not applicable in large sized population. Question 3 Natural selection is the process through which organism that is best adapted to live in a certain environment survives while the organisms which have weak traits die out or migrate. It is nature’s way of retaining organism with the best trait on the planet while the weaker genes die out. The process of natural selection has been cited as an important stage in evolution. Darwin supported the theory of natural selection using several premises. One is that natural selection comes as a result of existence of variations in organisms. You will find that a certain trait will be displayed over a range of characteristic s within the same species. For instance there is a wide range of skin completion in man. These differences allows for the creation of new traits in the next generation when parents with different traits mate. This creates a room where the trait that is best suited for a certain environ ment to be favored bringing about natural selection. There are however other traits that do not show variation such the number of eyes in mammals. Moreover, some traits that organism have are acquired from the parents while others are obtained from the environment. The traits acquired from the environment are passed to the next generation bringing about differentiation. Another factor that brings about natural selection is high levels of population growth rate. The population of organism increases when the conditions are favorable for example vegetation population in the forest during the heavy rains. Drought causes the organism to compete over limited resources. The organisms that survive during such conditions are the ones that have been adopted to survive with less water

Comparison of Two Types of Operational Budgets Assignment

Comparison of Two Types of Operational Budgets - Assignment Example Alternatively, variable costs can be stated as cost of every unit activity measure. Actual activity measures are then fed into the model after the accounting period. After this, the flexible budget is updated automatically by the variable costs. The resultant flexible budget is ten entered into the accounting system in order for comparisons to be made. These comparisons produce variances more relevant than those produced under a static budget. These variances are especially because the expenses involved are based on an activity. This accounts for the small variances registered in this comparison than those registered under static budget. Flexible budget can range across levels of sophistication. In basic flexible budget, alterations are recorded where there is a direct variation between certain expenses and revenues (Hope & Fraser, 2003). Under intermediate flexible budget, there are certain expenditures that will change with other activity measures and not with revenue. Advanced flexible budget deals with expenditures that vary only at given ranges of other activities and revenue. Master budget is a planning document that brings together all the budgets. It matches the beginning of a company’s fiscal year and be organized in quarters or months. The operating and financial budgets are the two parts of a master budget. It helps in judging the performance of company and its centers. The management makes modifies the master budget until it allocates funds to all set goals. Direct labor, direct materials, sales, manufacturing overhead and production are some of the budgets that show on a master budget (Finkler & McHugh, 2008). After preparation, the master budget is fed into the accounting system and financial reports are generated. Comparisons are then drawn between actual results and the budgeted amounts. There are spreadsheets that can help produce master budgets but they can have errors. A master budget appears

Safeway's 10k Form Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Safeway's 10k Form Analysis - Research Paper Example The company’s forward looking financial statements and its commitment to quality while expanding perishable offerings influenced my choice. Safeway’s operates in a highly competitive industry where competitors struggle to increase their market control and share. Its strategies of providing products that are tailored to ensure local preferences make it survive the diverse cultures and tastes in the different market segment. The operating strategy of providing value to its customers through stocking high quality products and maintaining high store standards together with the competitive prices makes it preferred by the shoppers (Safeway Inc. Annual Report 2011, n.d, p.43). Besides, it provides a one stop shopping for busy customers. Competitors include supercenters and club stores, specialty supermarkets, dollar store, drug stores and restaurants. The environmental legislation has also not had adverse effect on the financial results and is not expected to do so because of the company compliance to state and federal laws. Labor relations pose a threat to the company because most of the employees are unionized and work stoppages and disputes could affect their results (Safeway Inc. Annual Report 2011, n.d, p.14). Moreover, the failure of Safeway’s to achieve cost reductions could further adversely impair the company financial performance. this forces the company to consider altering their product mix to mitigate financial problems. Negative publicity on food safety, quality, and health concern poses a threat of loss of customers and could disrupt production. Moreover, the current economic condition in US and Canada with regard to the uncertain unemployment rate, fluctuating energy prices and demand of discounted products could further affect Safeway’s financials. Other environmental factors that pose a risk include changing regulation, increased amounts of debt, pending litigations and Information technology risk affects their performanc e. Question 2 2a) Deloitte $ Touche LLP audited the consolidated financial statement of Safeway’s and the internal controls over the financial reporting (Safeway Inc. Annual Report 2011, n.d, p.34). It issued an unqualified report on the financial statement and on the effectiveness of the internal control. According to the report, Safeway has prepared their financial statements in accordance with the generally accepted accounting principles accepted in the United States and the integrated framework issued by the committee of sponsoring organizations of the tread way commission. 2b) Management analysis and discussion of the financial statement reveals a declining consumer spending because of the current economic conditions. Consumers are said to change their product mix or shop in discounted groceries to cut down on their expenditure. On the side of income, Safeway is reported to have a net income of $516.7 million in 2011 compared to $589.8 million in 2010 signifying a loss o f $1097.5 million (Safeway Inc. Annual Report 2011, n.d, p.22). MD & A further reveals how the economic environment impacted adversely on Safeway’s division (Safeway Inc. Annual Report 2011, n.d, p.22). The sales in 2011 increased by $43.6 billion while fuel sales increased by $1408.7 million because of the average price increase of fuel per gallon. Besides, the exchange rate fluctuation of Canadian dollar resulted in increase in sales increase by $ 240 million. The number of transactions alos inceresed in 2011 desites the slight

Biometric Authentication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Biometric Authentication - Essay Example The desirable processes of biometric authentication methods that make it reliable include verification, screening and identification. This process makes use of a watch list or a database, containing data of people to be excluded. It has records containing only the biometric information for specific individual (Ratha, Connell & Bolle 2001, p. 610). Every individual provides biometric samples to be checked to confirm if it matches the watch-list. This process is used in the discovery of an individual without the user’s prior claim of identity. It checks the bio information against the contents of a central database without which it cannot operate. This is the attack where a person pretends to be a genuine person or individual service provider and prompts a user to provide personal bio data. Once the data is available and has passed through verification, the perpetrator of the attack performs unauthorized transactions. The phishing attack is equally harmful and takes place with or without the knowledge of the owner of the bio data. For example, an individual gets into a banking hall, gets into a dust bin and collects half-filled customer vouchers containing handwritten signature or fingerprint. He or she scans the signatures and finger prints which are then used electronically for valid online transactions. Biometric methods are more secure in the performance of online transactions. The owner provides Unique biometric information only when required electronically, unlike in the use of ordinary identification numbers. A biometric method provides a high degree of privacy to users and minimizes the exposure of information to unauthorized parties (Weaver 2006, p. 99). For example, for an iris scan to be done, a person must be physically available. It is possible to fraudulently reproduce biometric data depending on the resources, modality, the

Alternative education Essay Example for Free

Alternative education Essay E-learning is an excellent option in education, particularly when there are hindrances to traditional learning situations. For example, some people wish to continue their educations but do not live within driving distance of a college or university and dont find it feasible to relocate. E-learning is a viable alternative for these students. Another hindrance to traditional learning, especially in grades K through 12, is the one size fits all mentality it embraces. Many students just do not learn well in a traditional learning environment, but thrive in a more flexible setting. To address this issue, parents are turning to e-learning opportunities for their children. Some choose full-time enrollment in a virtual school, while others use e-learning to supplement a home school curriculum. In the business world, e-learning provides a way for companies to train and instruct employees without requiring them to travel to a central location. Convenience is one of the major advantages of e-learning. It allows students to work and learn at their own pace without the unyielding time restrictions of traditional learning. Because e-learning provides access to learning materials at any time, students have the flexibility to schedule around families, jobs and other activities. Another major benefit of e-learning is the accessibility it provides. Students can learn from anywhere in the world. This is an especially important consideration for students who wish to study in a different country. In addition, because e-learning can be done from home, students have less clothing and driving expenses than with traditional learning. A major disadvantage to e-learning is the self-discipline it requires. While being able to work at your own pace can be an advantage, it can also be a disadvantage. This is especially true for students who have difficulty with time management and procrastination. These students tend to be more successful with the structure of traditional learning. Another disadvantage to e-learning is the technology involved. Some people do not have ready access to a computer and Internet connection. And some who do have the required equipment feel ill-equipped to use it. Lack of interaction between teacher and student is another drawback to e-learning. Some students need the immediate feedback that interaction provides. E-learning greatly increases the availability of educational opportunities. Unfortunately, it also increases the number of scams related to online education. Persons considering e-learning possibilities should be alert to such scams and thoroughly investigate any program before making a commitment.

Combination Adjuvant Platform for Human and Animal Vaccines

Combination Adjuvant Platform for Human and Animal Vaccines A novel combination adjuvant platform for human and animal vaccines   Ravendra Garg, Sylvia van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk Volker and Gerdts Abstract Adjuvants are critical component of vaccines. They are being used to enhance and extend the overall immune response, to drive the response towards a specific type of immunity, and to reduce the need for multiple booster immunizations. Here we report the development of a combination adjuvant platform consisting of three immune stimulators, namely host defence peptides, polyphosphazenes and PolyI:C/CpG ODN. The adjuvant platform was co-formulated with a variety of human and animal vaccines and tested in mice, pigs, sheep, koalas, and fish. When co-formulated with a wide range of viral and bacterial antigens including Bordetella pertussis, Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), Chlamydia trachomatis and influenza antigens, a single immunization induced 100-1,000 fold stronger humoral immune responses (IgG, IgG1, IgG2a), a much earlier onset of immunity, a clear shift towards a more balanced or Th-1 type of response and extended duration of immunity of up to two years in some cases. The vacc ines were highly effective in neonates of less than 7 days of age and provided complete protection against a lethal challenge with B. pertussis or RSV. Furthermore, the polyphosphazenes in this combination allow the assembly of microparticles that when lyophilized were stable for several months. Intranasal immunization with these microparticles induced strong mucosal immune response in the upper respiratory tract. Moreover, the adjuvant platform was highly effective in the presence of maternal antibodies. In summary, we developed a novel vaccine platform for neonates, which provided more balanced, long lasting and fully protective immune responses in neonates after a single vaccination only. Introduction Vaccine provides huge public health benefits for reducing the burden of infectious diseases. Live vaccines generate effective immune responses but have been associated with a number of safety concerns, including improper attenuation and reverting back to virulence.   Nonliving vaccine antigens i.e. whole, inactivated viruses and specifically recombinant or highly purified subunit vaccines are often weakly immunogenic and need adjuvants to enhance the immunogenicity of vaccine based on antibodies and effector T cell functions to prevent infection. Adjuvants are critical components of vaccines, usually used to stimulate faster, stronger, and long-lasting immune responses to vaccines. It has various roles in vaccine formulations i.e. enhance immune responses to vaccine antigens, provide faster onset of immunity, improving immune responses to immunization in infant or elderly populations, whose immune system are immature or waning, dose sparing, either reducing the quantity of antigen required in the vaccine preparation or reducing the immunization schedule (Coffman, Sher et al. 2010). Adjuvants are absolutely required in subunit vaccines due to the poor immunogenicity of such antigens. There is no single universal adjuvant which can cover all the vaccine requirements. Using single adjuvant has a number of limitations, including induction of weak, improper, and short lived immune responses. For example, alum and MF59 (Kenney and Edelman 2003) are the universally approved adjuvant for human vaccines. Both normally induce a Th2 biased immune responses but not cellular immune responses which required for immunity against intracellular infections. In many novel adjuvant technologies, using multiple adjuvants in combination often act synergistically by stimulating and activating a various type of immune cells. Combination of adjuvants platform is promising and beneficial for suboptimal vaccines and particularly advantageous for vaccines against specific and more susceptible populations, such as neonates and the older adults. In some aspects, the neonate immune system is similar to that of the elderly, both having diminished anti-microbial activity by immune cells, reduce d antigen uptake and presentation by antigen presenting cells and compromised adaptive immune responses (Simon, Hollander et al. 2015). Strong adjuvants may provide an approach to boost immune responses in the both neonates and elderly populations. Most of the studies have combined a delivery system with an immunostimulatory adjuvant, especially combinations with the TLR agonists and MPL. Combination adjuvants have only recently been vigorously explored. Some combinations have been tested in humans and large animals and have yielded promising results. Recently, we developed a novel combination adjuvant platform (TriAdj) which is highly effective with wide range of animal and human vaccine. Novel Combination adjuvant platform for animal vaccines: Veterinary vaccines have been used for several of years, and have an important role in protecting animal health, animal welfare, food production, and public health. They are a cost-effective method to prevent animal disease, improve the food production, greatly reducing the need for antibiotics to treat food and companion animals and reduce or prevent transmission of zoonotic disease to human. Interestingly, the challenges related with vaccinating animals are stability, low cost, ease of administration etc., require new solutions in vaccine development. Freund introduced a combination of mineral oils and bacterial cell components (Freunds complete adjuvant) for the improvement of vaccine immune responses (Freund et al., 1937). However, many nations are not using the Freunds adjuvant in animals due to its reactivity and side effects. Alum and emulsions based formulations have been successfully used since long time in a wide variety of animal vaccines. However, with an advanced underst anding of the immune system, many new adjuvants (Saponins, Liposomes, virosomes, particle based and TRL ligand) have recently been developed for veterinary applications. A wide range of adjuvants has been successfully used in commercial vaccines for animals and several new technologies are currently in preclinical development. Over the past decade, we have seen several new combination adjuvants, typically contain two and three individual adjuvant components, including MF59â„ ¢ (Novartis Inc.), ASâ„ ¢ (Glaxo Smith Kline Inc.), IC31â„ ¢ (Valneva Inc.) etc. We recently developed a novel combination adjuvant platform (TriAdj) that is contained of three components, namely toll-like receptor (TLR) agonist either PolyI:C or CpG ODN and an immunostimulatory host defense peptide (HDPs) in polyphosphazene carrier system (Kindrachuk, Jenssen et al. 2009; Garg, Latimer et al. 2013). Synthetic PolyI:C and CpG ODNs are well known potent adjuvant with various vaccine antigens and have been shown to enhance immune responses by activating monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells and B cells, and induce the production of proinflammatory cytokines   (Krieg 2002; Trumpfheller, Longhi et al. 2012). The second component, HDPs are derivatives of natural host defense peptides, which are cationic amp hipathic peptides with microbicidal, chemotactic and/or immunomodulatory properties (Yeung, Gellatly et al. 2011). HDPs are involved in a range of immune functions including immune cell recruitment (neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, T cells and mast cells), innate immune activation, and wound healing (Jenssen, Hamill et al. 2006). The third component, polyphosphazenes are synthetic water-soluble biodegradable polymer with immunostimulatory properties, and forms non-covalent complexes with variety of viral and bacterial antigens and/or other adjuvants to enhance their stability, immunogenicity and allow multimeric presentation (Mutwiri, Benjamin et al. 2007; Andrianov, DeCollibus et al. 2009; Kovacs-Nolan, Latimer et al. 2009; Awate, Wilson et al. 2012). When vaccine antigens were co-formulated with this combination, we found much faster onset of immunity, highly effective even after a single immunization and significantly long lasting, robust, protective immune responses against variety of animal pathogens including bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine respiratory syncytial virus and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. The combination adjuvant is stable, cost effective and highly effective in a variety of animals including pigs, sheep, cattle, koalas, cotton rats and mice (Polewicz, Gracia et al. 2011; Khan, Waugh et al. 2014; Snider, Garg et al. 2014; Garg, Latimer et al. 2015). For example, formulation of E2 protein of bovine viral diarrhea virus with TriAdj resulted in strong humoral and cell mediated immune responses, leading to significant protection following pathogen challenge of calves (Snider, Garg et al. 2014). Fusion protein of bovine respiratory syncytial virus co-formulated with TriAdj developed significantly higher antibod ies and interferon gamma secretion (Kovacs-Nolan, Mapletoft et al. 2009). Similarly, formulation of S1 domain of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, and outer membrane protein of chlamydial major   with TriAdj enhanced humoral and cell mediated immune response in pig and koalas respectively (Khan, Waugh et al. 2014; Makadiya, Brownlie et al. 2016). Novel Combination adjuvant platform for human vaccines: Several combination adjuvants consisting of a variety of immunomodulators such as Immune stimulating complexes (ISCOMs), montanides, nanoemulsions, and Adjuvant Systems have been developed in recent years and are currently being tested with human vaccines in preclinical and clinical trials. The novel adjuvant platform, TriAdj was co-formulated with various human vaccines and tested in mice, pigs, sheep, koalas, and fish. This adjuvant platform is highly effective against a variety of infectious diseases. TriAdj was shown to promote the induction of strong immune responses to various viral and bacterial antigens in multiple animals. For instance, TriAdj in combination with fusion protein of human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV), mediated the induction of robust, balanced and long-term protective immunity by stimulating long-lived neutralizing antibodies, memory B and CD8+ T cells against hRSV (Garg, Latimer et al. 2013; Garg, Latimer et al. 2014). In addition, mucosal vaccination with TriAdj formulated antigen induced both systemic and local immunity in neonates, even in the face of maternal antibodies (Garg, Latimer et al. 2015). Similarly, when TriAdj was used with pertussis toxoid of Bordetella pertussis, strong and protective immune responses were found in both mice and pigs against lethal infection with B. pertussis (Gracia, Polewicz et al. 2011; Polewicz, Gracia et al. 2011). Furthermore, the vaccine formulated with TriAdj induced a prompt onset, longer duration than existing commercial vaccines and effective after a single vaccination even in the presence of maternal antibodies. (Polewicz, Gracia et al. 2013). TriAdj platform was also formulated with influenza virus antigens or chlamydia antigens, which induces strong immune responses in vaccinated animals (Kindrachuk, Jenssen et al. 2009; Shim, Ko et al. 2010). The combination of adjuvants was also shown to be suitable for maternal immunization. Vaccination of pregnant animals with TriAdj formulated human vaccines resulted in efficient transfer of maternal antibodies and protection from subsequent challenge of the offspring (Elahi, Buchanan et al. 2006; Garg, Latimer et al. 2016). These results indicate that maternal immunization with TriAdj formulated antigens might be an alternative, safe and effective approach to provide protection against pathogens in newborn and young infants. Furthermore, the adjuvant platform can be formulated into microspheres (100 nm to 2 ÃŽ ¼m) to enhance the mucosal and syt emic immune response following intranasal vaccination (Garlapati, Garg et al. 2012). The TriAdj is expected to have multiple applications for the development of vaccines against multiple respiratory pathogens and possibly other infectious agents. Mechanisms of action of novel Combination adjuvant platform: A number of mechanisms of action were identified for this novel combination adjuvant. For example, TriAdj as a mucosal adjuvant increased antigen uptake by dendritic cells, improved dendritic cell maturation, and more efficient transported to local draining lymph nodes to present the antigen to T cells   (Garg, Latimer et al. 2013). TriAdj with antigens promoted the production of chemokines, cytokines and inflammatory cytokines, followed by recruitment and activation of several immune cell populations including dendritic cells, macrophages and neutrophils to the upper and lower respiratory tract, that leads to strong and long-term   protective immune responses of this novel adjuvant formulation (Sarkar, Garg et al. 2016). This was further correlated to the induction of local humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, including production of large numbers of IgA secreting memory B cells as well as effective memory CD8+ T cells. TriAdj also promoted increased germinal centre react ions and effective B cell activation and development in the lungs following mucosal immunization (Garg, Theaker et al. 2016). References   Andrianov, A. K., D. P. DeCollibus, et al. (2009). Poly[di(carboxylatophenoxy)phosphazene] is a potent adjuvant for intradermal immunization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106(45): 18936-18941. Awate, S., H. L. Wilson, et al. (2012). Activation of adjuvant core response genes by the novel adjuvant PCEP. Molecular immunology 51(3-4): 292-303. Coffman, R. L., A. Sher, et al. (2010). Vaccine adjuvants: putting innate immunity to work. Immunity 33(4): 492-503. Elahi, S., R. M. Buchanan, et al. (2006). Maternal immunity provides protection against pertussis in newborn piglets. Infect Immun 74(5): 2619-2627. Garg, R., L. Latimer, et al. (2014). Vaccination with the RSV fusion protein formulated with a combination adjuvant induces long-lasting protective immunity. J Gen Virol 95(Pt 5): 1043-1054. Garg, R., L. Latimer, et al. (2015). The respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein formulated with a novel combination adjuvant induces balanced immune responses in lambs with maternal antibodies. Vaccine. Garg, R., L. Latimer, et al. (2013). Induction of mucosal immunity and protection by intranasal immunisation with a novel respiratory syncytial virus vaccine formulation. The Journal of general virology. Garg, R., L. Latimer, et al. (2016). Maternal immunization with respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein formulated with a novel combination adjuvant provides protection from RSV in newborn lambs. Vaccine 34(2): 261-269. Garg, R., M. Theaker, et al. (2016). A single intranasal immunization with a subunit vaccine formulation induces higher mucosal IgA production than live respiratory syncytial virus. Virology 499: 288-297. Garlapati, S., R. Garg, et al. (2012). Enhanced immune responses and protection by vaccination with respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein formulated with CpG oligodeoxynucleotide and innate defense regulator peptide in polyphosphazene microparticles. Vaccine 30(35): 5206-5214. Gracia, A., M. Polewicz, et al. (2011). Antibody responses in adult and neonatal BALB/c mice to immunization with novel Bordetella pertussis vaccine formulations. Vaccine 29(8): 1595-1604. Jenssen, H., P. Hamill, et al. (2006). Peptide antimicrobial agents. Clinical microbiology reviews 19(3): 491-511. Kenney, R. T. and R. Edelman (2003). Survey of human-use adjuvants. Expert review of vaccines 2(2): 167-188. Khan, S. A., C. Waugh, et al. (2014). Vaccination of koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) with a recombinant chlamydial major outer membrane protein adjuvanted with poly I:C, a host defense peptide and polyphosphazine, elicits strong and long lasting cellular and humoral immune responses. Vaccine 32(44): 5781-5786. Kindrachuk, J., H. Jenssen, et al. (2009). A novel vaccine adjuvant comprised of a synthetic innate defence regulator peptide and CpG oligonucleotide links innate and adaptive immunity. Vaccine 27(34): 4662-4671. Kovacs-Nolan, J., L. Latimer, et al. (2009). The novel adjuvant combination of CpG ODN, indolicidin and polyphosphazene induces potent antibody- and cell-mediated immune responses in mice. Vaccine 27(14): 2055-2064. Kovacs-Nolan, J., J. W. Mapletoft, et al. (2009). Formulation of bovine respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein with CpG oligodeoxynucleotide, cationic host defence peptide and polyphosphazene enhances humoral and cellular responses and induces a protective type 1 immune response in mice. The Journal of general virology 90(Pt 8): 1892-1905. Krieg, A. M. (2002). CpG motifs in bacterial DNA and their immune effects. Annu Rev Immunol 20: 709-760. Makadiya, N., R. Brownlie, et al. (2016). S1 domain of the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus spike protein as a vaccine antigen. Virol J 13: 57. Mutwiri, G., P. Benjamin, et al. (2007). Poly[di(sodium carboxylatoethylphenoxy)phosphazene] (PCEP) is a potent enhancer of mixed Th1/Th2 immune responses in mice immunized with influenza virus antigens. Vaccine 25(7): 1204-1213. Polewicz, M., A. Gracia, et al. (2011). Influence of maternal antibodies on active pertussis toxoid immunization of neonatal mice and piglets. Vaccine 29(44): 7718-7726. Polewicz, M., A. Gracia, et al. (2013). Novel vaccine formulations against pertussis offer earlier onset of immunity and provide protection in the presence of maternal antibodies. Vaccine 31(31): 3148-3155. Sarkar, I., R. Garg, et al. (2016). Formulation of the respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein with a polymer-based combination adjuvant promotes transient and local innate immune responses and leads to improved adaptive immunity. Vaccine 34(42): 5114-5124. Shim, D. H., H. J. Ko, et al. (2010). Efficacy of poly[di(sodium carboxylatophenoxy)phosphazene] (PCPP) as mucosal adjuvant to induce protective immunity against respiratory pathogens. Vaccine 28(11): 2311-2317. Simon, A. K., G. A. Hollander, et al. (2015). Evolution of the immune system in humans from infancy to old age. Proc Biol Sci 282(1821): 20143085. Snider, M., R. Garg, et al. (2014). The bovine viral diarrhea virus E2 protein formulated with a novel adjuvant induces strong, balanced immune responses and provides protection from viral challenge in cattle. Vaccine 32(50): 6758-6764. Trumpfheller, C., M. P. Longhi, et al. (2012). Dendritic cell-targeted protein vaccines: a novel approach to induce T-cell immunity. Journal of Internal Medicine 271(2): 183-192. Yeung, A., S. Gellatly, et al. (2011). Multifunctional cationic host defence peptides and their clinical applications. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences: 1-16.

Design Thinking Essay -- creative problem resolution

Design thinking is a process for practical, creative resolution of problems or issues that looks for an improved future result. It is the essential ability to combine empathy, creativity and rationality to meet user needs and drive business success. Unlike analytical thinking, design thinking is a creative process based around the building up of ideas. There are no judgments early on the design thinking (Simon, 1969, p. 55). Design thinking includes imagination and reason, a combination of convergent and divergent thought, and creativity. Design thinking might be thought of as dialectic, or conversation. It involves design wisdom, judgment, and knowledge. Lastly, design thinking is skill (Hegeman, 2008). Design thinking process has eight generation stages: observation or analysis, framework, imperative or facts, solutions or alternatives, alternative evaluation and concept selection, implementation, construction, and post occupancy evaluation. Within these eight stages, problems can be framed, the right questions can be asked, more idea can be created, and the best answers can be chosen. The steps aren’t linear; they occur simultaneously and can be repeated. Although design is always subject to personal taste, design thinkers share a common set of value the drive innovation: these value are meanly creativity, ambidextrous thinking, teamwork, and user focus curiosity (Owen, 1993). Client(s) may be in the first stage of our design thinking sequences (Archer, 1984, p. 67), and then the designer job is to explore what is the problem, what do we want, what do they need: to produce a design to meet the requirements. The initial design problem presented to the designer may be poorly and incompletely described (McDonnell, 1997, p. 45... ...as a Learning Process: Embedding Design Thinking. California Management Review, 50(1), 24-56. Retrieved from: http://epic.hpi.uni-potsdam.de/pub/Home/TrendsAndConceptsII2008/2_InnovationAsLearningProcess.pdf. Cross, N. (2006). Designerly Ways of Knowing. London, Springer-Verlag. Hegeman, J. (2008). The Thinking Behind Design. Master Thesis submitted to the school of design, Carngie Mellon University. Retrieved from: http://jamin.org/portfolio/thesis-paper/thinking-behind-design.pdf. McDonnell, J. (1997). Descriptive models for interpreting design. Design Studies, 18, 457-473. Owen, C. (1993). Considering Design Fundamentally. Design Process Newsletter, 5(3), 2. Oxman, R. (1997). Design by re-representation: a model of visual reasoning in design. Design studies, 18, 329-347. Simon, H. (1969). The Science of the Artificial. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Summary and Analysis of The Summoners Tale :: Canterbury Tales The Summoners Tale Essays

Summary and Analysis of The Summoner's Tale (The Canterbury Tales) Prologue to the Summoner's Tale: The Summoner was enraged by the tale that the Friar told. He claims in response to the Friar that friars and fiends are one and the same. He tells that a friar once was brought to hell by an angel and remarked that he saw no friars there. However, Satan lifted his tail and thousands of friars came out from his ass and swarmed around hell. Analysis The Summoner becomes insane with anger upon hearing the Friar's Tale, which, although it was told with great vitriol against summoners, had a measured manner and refrained from personal attacks. Where the Friar was intensely contemptuous yet civil, the Summoner becomes a brutish and ill-tempered barbarian. Rather than combating the image that Friar's Tale had given of his profession, the Summoner confirms the worst about the low qualities of his kind. The Summoner's Tale: A friar went to preach and beg in a marshy region of Yorkshire called Holderness. In his sermons he begged for donations for the church and afterward he begged for charity from the local residents. He went to the house of Thomas, a local resident who normally indulged him, and found him ill. The friar speaks of the sermon he gave and essentially orders a meal from Thomas's wife. She tells the friar that her child died not more than two weeks before. The friar claimed that he had a revelation that her child had died and entered heaven. He claims that his fellow friars had a similar vision, for they are more privy to God's messages than laymen, who live richly on earth, as compared to richly spiritually. He speaks about how, among the clergy, only friars remain impoverished and thus close to God, and tells Thomas that his illness persists because he has given so little to the church. When Thomas remarks that his wife is angry, the friar launches into a tirade about the ill effects of i re in men of high degree. He tells the tale of an angry king who sentenced a knight to death because he returned without his partner and automatically assumed that he had murdered him. When a third knight lead the condemned knight to his death, they found the knight that he had supposedly murdered. When the third knight returned to the king to have the sentenced reversed, the king sentenced all three to death: the first because he had originally declared it so, the second because he was the cause of the first's death, and the third because he did not obey the king.